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It is my hope that these beginner Linux commands will provide you with a good start to your Linux command line adventures.
| TIP 1: All of these beginner Linux commands should work from your command prompt (regardless which shell you�re using). Just in case some folks were not aware, you MUST press enter to invoke the command, and I try to cover the Linux commands I use most often such as cd, pwd, finger and man.TIP 2: For this summary, please note that the EX: stands for example and is not part of the command. Commands are denoted in courier type font. TIP 3: If you need help understanding what the options are, or how to use a command, try adding this to the end of your command: �help For example, for better understanding of the df command�s options, type: |
So, you have installed your favorite linux distro and you are sitting in front of it. Probably you must have heard a lot of frightening things about its console. Here you will see some basic linux commands which will help you to get familiar with linux command line. So let�s continue with the linux commands cheatsheet.
But first a few words about a very basic command called man. man comes from manual and it works like this man command_name. With this command you can view information on how to use any command of your system. There is even a man page for man! Try typing man man and you ll get the point. So if want further information and details on a command listed below just type man command_name
Viewing, copying, moving and deleting files
| ls | Display the contents of the current directory |
| ls -a | Display also hidden files and hidden directories |
| cp filename /path/dir_name | Copy filename into directory /path/dir_name |
| cp -r dir_name /path/dir_name2 | Copy the entire dir_name into /path/dir_name2 |
| cp filename1 filename2 /path/dir_name | Copy filename1 and filename2 into /path/dir_name |
| rm name | Remove a file or directory called name |
| rm -r name | Remove an entire directory as well as its included files and subdirectories |
| mv filename /path/dir_name | Move filename into /path/dir_name |
| mv filename1 filename2 | Rename filename1 to filename2 |
| cat filename | Display filenames contents |
| more filename | Display filename in pages. Use spacebar to view next page |
| head filename | Display filenames first 10 lines |
| head -15 filename | Display filenames first 15 lines |
| tail filename | Display filenames last 10 lines |
| tail -15 filename | Display filenames last 15 lines |
| pwd | Display current directory |
| cd /path/dir_name | Change to directory /path/dir_name |
| cd .. | Go 1 directory up |
| mkdir dir_name | Create directory dir_name |
| rmdir dir_name | Delete directory dir_name |
Finding files and text within files
| updatedb | Update (create first time used) a database of all files under the root directory / |
| locate filename | Find file filename searching in the database |
| find / -name filename | Starting from the root directory search for the file called filename |
| find / -name *filename | Same as above but search for file containing the string filename |
| grep string /path/dir_name | Starting from /path/dir_name search for all files containing string |
| which application_name | Search $path for application app_name |
| whereis application_name | Search $path, man pages and source files for application_name |
Archived files
Decompress| tar -xzf filename.tgz | Decompress tzg file |
| tar -xzf filename.tar.gz | Decompress tar.gz file |
| tar -xjf filename.tar.bz2 | Decompress tar.bz2 file |
| tar -czf filename.tar /path/dir_name | Compress directory /path/dir_name to filename.tar |
| gzip -c filename > filename.gz | Compress /path/dir_name to filename.tar.gz |
| bzip2 -c filename > filename.bz2 | Compress /path/dir_name to filename.tar.bz2 |
Using rpm files
| rpm -hiv package.rpm | Install rpm called package.rpm |
| rpm -hiv --force package.rpm | Install rpm called package.rpm by force |
| rpm -hUv package.rpm | Upgrade rpm called package.rpm |
| rpm -e package.rpm | Delete rpm called package.rpm |
| rpm -qpil package.rpm | List files in not-installed rpm called package.rpm |
| rpm -ql package.rpm | List files in installed rpm called package.rpm |
| rpm -q str | List installed rpms containing the string str |
| rpm -qf /path/application_name | Display the rpm that contains application application_name |
Starting and Stoping
| startx | Start the X system |
| shutdown -h now | Shutdown the system now and do not reboot |
|
halt |
Same as above |
| shutdown -r now | Reboot |
| reboot | Same as above |
| shutdown -r +10 | Reboot in 10 minutes |
Mounting filesystems
| mount -t vfat /dev/sd(a)(1) /mnt/c_drive | Mount the first partition 1 of the first hard disk drive a which is in fat32 vfat dormat under /mnt/c_drive directory |
| mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom | Mount cdrom under /mnt/cdrom directory |
| umount /mnt/hda1 | Unmout the above |
User administration
| users | Display users currently logged in |
| adduser username | Create a new user called username |
| passwd username | Define password for user called username |
| who | List logged-in users |
| whoami | Display current user |
| finger username | Displays info about user username |
| su | Log in as root from current login |
| su - | Log in as root from current login and take root's path |
| exit | Exit from console login (ie, logout). |
Processes
| command | Execute command in the foreground |
| command & | Execute command in the background |
| ctrl+z | Suspend a program |
| ctrl+c | Interrupt a program |
| ps | List all processes |
| kill -9 pid | Kill process with id pid |
| top | Monitor processes in real time |
Networking
| hostname | List the system's hostname |
| ifconfig | Set/Display network information |
| host ip | Resolves ip's hostname |
| ping ip/hostname | Check if ip/hostname is reachable |
| traceroute ip/hostname | Find network path to ip/hostname |
| uname -a | General system information |
| fdisk -l | List partition tables |
| cp filename /path/dir_name | Copy filename into directory /path/dir_name |
| df -T -h | List filesystem disk space usage |
| lspci | List PCI devices |
| lsusb | List USB devices |
| free -m | Display RAM+Swap usage |
| gcc -o output file.c | Compile a C program |
| ./output | Run a C program you have compiled |
| g++ -o output file.cpp | Compile a C++ program |
| ./output | Run a C++ program you have compiled |
| ./configure && make && su -c 'make install' | Configure, compile and install a program with Makefile |
How to install TLS package on linux
cd #
wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/tls/files/tls/1.6/tls1.6-src.tar.gz/download
tar -xzvf tls1.6-src.tar.gz
cd tls1.6
./configure
make
make install